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Security foundations

Foundational concepts that apply across systems and help make security decisions easier to explain.

Principles

Principle	In practice
Least privilege	Limit access and review it when roles change.
Defense in depth	Layer preventive, detective and recovery controls.
Secure defaults	Start with configurations that expose the least necessary functionality.
Separation of duties	Avoid concentrating sensitive actions in one account or role.
Resilience	Test backups and recovery, not only backup creation.

A basic review loop

1. Inventory systems, data and owners2. Remove unused accounts and services3. Apply supported updates through a tested process4. Protect secrets and use unique authentication5. Keep backups and test a recovery path6. Review security logs and know who responds7. Revisit controls when the system changes

More traces

HTTP basics
Requests, responses, cookies and useful security headers.
Security research commands
Searchable notes for local web checks, safe file inspection and reproducible research.
Web security
Core concepts, safe practice and defensive checks for web applications.

Questions

What is least privilege?

It is the practice of granting only the access necessary for a role or process to do its job.

Is patching enough to secure a system?

No. Patching is important, but it works alongside identity controls, secure configuration, backups, monitoring and incident readiness.